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As of now, India struggles to educate and employ its growing population: More than 27 percent of the country’s youth are excluded from education, employment, or training, while the overwhelming majority of working Indians are employed in the informal sector, many of them in agriculture, often in precarious engagements lacking any form of job security or labor protections. In light of such problems, it remains very much an open question whether India can harness its youth dividend to achieve inclusive economic development, or if it will become overburdened by population growth. The Skyline of Mumbai and a Village in Rural Bihar As economists Amartya Sen and Jean Drèze put it in a famous quote, India is looking “more and more like islands of California in a sea of sub-Saharan Africa.” If current trends continue, India will be in danger of disintegrating into parallel societies with economic realities of elites in economic centers like Mumbai or Bangalore looking exceedingly different from those of the impoverished masses in underdeveloped states like Uttar Pradesh or Bihar. However, India still has about a quarter of the world’s extreme poor, and social inequalities in the country are not only rampant but rising. India also has one of the highest mortality rates among children under the age of five worldwide, as well as one of the worst sanitation systems: 524 million Indians did not use a toilet in 2017.Īccording to the World Bank, India succeeded in bringing 133 million people out of poverty between 19, and extreme poverty continues to decline drastically. Consider that some 40 percent of India’s roads are still unpaved, while the country accounts for more than a quarter of all new tuberculosis infections worldwide-the disease kills more than 435,000 Indians each year. Islands of Prosperity in a Sea of Poverty: Constraints, Challenges and Uneven DevelopmentĪt the same time, India is still a developing country of massive scale and home to the largest number of poor people in the world next to Nigeria. Some analysts now predict that India will become the second-largest economy in the world by 2050. Large parts of Indian society are simultaneously growing richer-the number of Indians in middle-income brackets is expected to increase almost 10-fold within just two decades, from 50 million people in 2010 to 475 million people in 2030. Indeed, India is now the world’s fastest growing major economy, outpacing China’s in terms of growth rates, even though it is still much smaller in overall size. Some analysts consequently argue that India will eventually economically close in on China, because of India’s greater propensity for entrepreneurial innovation, and its young, technically skilled, rapidly growing English-speaking workforce-which is projected to be in increased global demand as labor costs in China rise faster than in India. This demographic change could be a powerful engine of economic growth and development: If India manages to modernize and expand its education system, raise educational attainment levels, and provide skills to its youth, it could gain a significant competitive advantage over swiftly aging countries like China. The UN projects that Delhi will become the largest city in the world with 37 million people by 2028. India is expected to overtake China as the largest country on earth by 2022 and grow to about 1.5 billion people by 2030 (up from 1.34 billion in 2017).
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Fully 28 percent of the population is less than 14 years of age, and with more than 30 babies being born every minute, population growth rates are expected to remain at around 1 percent for years. It has the largest youth population in the world-a veritable army of 600 million young people under the age of 25.
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The country is currently in a youth bulge phase. India is a rapidly changing country in which inclusive, high-quality education is of utmost importance for its future prosperity. To place current education reforms and mobility trends into context, we will first provide an overview of current socioeconomic developments in India and introduce some key facts about the country, before we outline mobility patterns and the education system. Abstract: This education system profile provides an in-depth overview of the structure of India’s education system, its academic institutions, quality assurance mechanisms, and grading practices, as well as trends in outbound and inbound student mobility.